Discoursestxt,chm,pdf,epub,mobi下载 作者:Machiavelli 出版社: Penguin Classics 译者:Walker, Leslie J. 出版年: 1984-5-1 页数: 544 定价: GBP 9.00 装帧: Paperback ISBN: 9780140444285 内容简介 · · · · · ·Few figures in intellectual history have proved as notorious and ambiguous as Niccolo Machiavelli. But while his treatise "The Prince" made his name synonymous with autocratic ruthlessness and cynical manipulation, "The Discourses" (c.1517) shows a radically different outlook on the world of politics.In this carefully argued commentary on Livy's history of republican Rome, Mach... 作者简介 · · · · · ·Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) was a Florentine statesman who was later forced out of public life. He then devoted himself to studying and writing political philosophy, history, fiction, and drama. 目录 · · · · · ·First Book1.What have Generally Been the Beginnings of Some Cities, and what was that of Rome 2.Of the Kinds of Republics There Are, and of which was the Roman Republic 3.What Events Caused the Creation of the Tribunes of the Plebs in Rome, which Made the Republic More Perfect 4.That Disunion of the Plebs and the Roman Senate Made that Republic Free and Powerful 5.Where the Guarding of Liberty is More Securely Placed, Either in the People or in the Nobles; and which have the Greater Reason to Become Tumultuous Either he who Wants to Acquire or he who Wants to Maintain · · · · · ·() First Book 1.What have Generally Been the Beginnings of Some Cities, and what was that of Rome 2.Of the Kinds of Republics There Are, and of which was the Roman Republic 3.What Events Caused the Creation of the Tribunes of the Plebs in Rome, which Made the Republic More Perfect 4.That Disunion of the Plebs and the Roman Senate Made that Republic Free and Powerful 5.Where the Guarding of Liberty is More Securely Placed, Either in the People or in the Nobles; and which have the Greater Reason to Become Tumultuous Either he who Wants to Acquire or he who Wants to Maintain 6.Whether it was Possible to Establish a Government in Rome which Could Eliminate the Enmity Between the Populace and The Senate 7.How Much the Faculty of Accusing [Judiciary] is necessary for a Republic for the Maintenance of Liberty 8.As Much as Accusations are Useful to a Republic, So Much So are Calumnies Pernicious 9.How it is Necessary for One Man Alone in Desiring to Organize a New Republic to Reform its Institutions Entirely Outside the Ancient Ones 10.As Much as the Founders of Republics and Kingdoms are Laudable, So Much are Those of a Tyranny Shameful 11.Of the Religions of the Romans 12.Of How Much Importance Should Be Given Religion; and How Italy, Because the Medium of the Roman Church was Lacking, Was Ruined 13.How the Romans Served themselves of Religion to Establish the City and to Carry Out their Enterprises and Stop Tumults 14.The Romans Interpreted the Auspices According to Necessity, and with their Prudence Made a Show of Observing Religion, Even when They Were Forced not to Observe It, and If Anyone Recklessly Disparaged it They Punished Him 15.How the Samnites had Recourse to Religion as an Extreme Remedy for the Things Afflicting them 16.A People Accustomed to Living Under a Prince, If by Some Accident Becomes Free, Maintains its Liberty with Difficulty 17.A CORRUPT PEOPLE COMING INTo THEIR LIBERTY CAN MAINTAIN ItSELF FREE ONLY WItH THE GREATEST Difficulty 18.In what Way in a Corrupt City a Free State Can Be Maintained, If There is One There, or If not, How to Establish It 19.A Weak Prince who Succeeds an Excellent Prince Can Be Maintained, but Any Kingdom Cannot Be Maintained If a Weak One Is Succeeded by Another Weak One 20.Two Continuous Successions of Princes of Virtu achieve great Results; and that well organized Republics of necessity Have Successions of Virtu; Therefore their Acquisitions and Expansions are Great 21.How Much Blame that Prince and Republic Merit who Lack their own Arms 22.What is to Be noted in the Case of the Three Roman Horatii and of the Three Alban Curatii 23.That one ought not to put in Peril all his Fortune and all his Forces; and because of this the Guarding of Passes is Often Harmful 24.Well Organized Republics Establish Rewards and Penalties for their Citizens, but Never Compensate One [At the Expense] Of the Other 25.Whoever Wants to Reform an Ancient State into a Free City, Should Retain at Least a Shadow of the Ancient Forms 26.A New Prince in a City or Province Taken by Him ought to Organize Everything Anew 27.Very rarely do Men know how to be entirely Good or entirely Bad 28.For what Reasons the Romans Were Less Ungrateful to their Citizens than the Athenians 29.Which is More Ungrateful, a People or a Prince 30.What Means a Prince or a Republic ought to Use to Avoid this Vice of Ingratitude, and what that Captain or that Citizen ought to Do So as not to Be Touched by it 31.That Roman Captains Were Never Extraordinarily Punished for Errors Committed; Nor Were They Yet Punished When, by their Ignorance or Bad Proceedings Undertaken by them, Harm Ensued to the Republic 32.A Republic or a Prince ought not to Defer Benefiting Men in their Necessity 33.When an Evil has Sprung up Either Within a State or Against a State, it is a More Salutary Proceeding to Temporize With it than to Attack it Rashly 34.The Dictatorial Authority Did Good and not Harm to the Roman Republic; and that the Authority which Citizens Take Away, not Those are Given them by Free Suffrage, are Pernicious to civil Society 35.The Reason why the Creation of the Decemvirs in Rome was Harmful to the Liberty of that Republic, notwithstanding That it was Created by Public and Free Suffrage 36.Citizens who have Been Given the Higher Honors ought not to Disdain the Lesser 37.What Troubles the Agrarian Law Brought Forth in Rome; and How Troublesome it is to Make a Law in a Republic which Greatly Regards the Past but Contrary to the Ancient Customs of the City 38.Weak Republics are Irresolute and do not know how to decide; and if they take up any Proceeding, it results more from Necessity than from Election 39.The Same Incidents Often Happen to Different People 40.The Creation of the Decemvirate in Rome, and what is to Be noted in It; and where it Will Be Considered Among Many Other Things How a Republic Can Be Saved or Ruined Because of Similar Accidents 41.To Jump from Humility to Pride and from Mercy to Cruelty Without Profitable Means, is an Imprudent and Useless Thing 42.How Easily Man May Be Corrupted 43.Those who Combat for their own Glory are Good and Faithful Soldiers 44.A Multitude Without a Head is Useless, and One ought not to Threaten First, and then Seek Authority 45.It is a Bad Example not to Observe a Law that has Been Made, and Especially by the Author of It; and it is Most Harmful to Renew Every Day New Injuries in a City and to the One who Governs it 46.Men Jump from One Ambition to Another, and First They Seek not to Be Offended, then to Offend Others 47.Men, Although They Deceive themselves in General Matters do not Deceive themselves in the Particulars 48.Whoever Wants a Magistracy not to Be Given to a Vile or Wicked One, Will have it Asked by a Man More Vile and More Wicked, or by One More Noble and More Good 49.If those Cities which had their Beginning Free as Rome, have had difficulty in finding Laws that would maintain them, Those that had their Beginning in Servitude have Almost an Impossibility 50.A Council or Magistrate ought not to Be Able to Stop the Activities of a City 51.A Republic or a Prince ought to Feign to Do Through Liberality, that which Necessity Constrains them 52.To Reprimand the Insolence of a Powerful One who Springs up in a Republic, There is No More Secure and Less Troublesome Way than to Forestall Him Those Ways by which he Comes to Power 53.The People Many Times Desire their Ruin, Deceived by a False Species of Good: And How Great Hopes and Strong Promises Easily Move them 54.How Much Authority a Great Man has in Restraining an Excited Multitude [Mob] 55.How Easily Things are Managed in that City where the Multitude is not Corrupt, and that where There is Equality a Principality Cannot Be Established, and where There is None a Republic Cannot Be Established 56.Before Great Events Occur in a City or a Province, Signs Come which Foretell them, or Men who Predict them 57.Together the Plebs are Strong, Dispersed They are Weak 58.The Multitude is Wiser and More Constant than a Prince 59.Which Alliances or Leagues Can Be Trusted, Whether Those Made with a Republic or Those Made with a Prince 60.How the Consulship and every other Magistracy in Rome ought to be [Bestowed] Without Any Regard to Age Second Book 1.Whether Virtu or Fortune was the Greater Cause for the Empire which the Romans Acquired 2.With what People the Romans had to Combat, and How Obstinately They Defended their Liberty 3.Rome Became a Great City by Ruining the Surrounding Cities and Admitting Foreigners Easily to Her Honors 4.Republics have had Three Ways of Expanding 5.That the Changes of Sects and Languages, Together with the Accident of Deluges and Pestilence, Extinguished the Memory of Things 6.How the Romans Proceeded in Making War 7.How Much Land the Romans Gave Each Colonist 8.The Reason why People Depart from their National Places and Inundate the Country of Others 9.What Causes Commonly Make Wars Arise Between the Powerful 10.Money is not the Sinew of War although this is common opinion 11.It is not a Prudent Proceeding to Make an Alliance with a Prince who has More Reputation than Power 12.Is it better, fearing to Be Assaulted, to carry out or await War 13.That One Comes from the Bottom to a Great Fortune More by Fraud than by Force 14.Men Often Deceive themselves Believing that by Humility They Overcome Haughtiness 15.Weak States are Always Ambiguous in their Resolutions, and Weak Decisions are Always Harmful 16.How Much the Soldiers in Our Times are Different from the Ancient Organization 17.How much the Army ought to esteem the Artillery in the Present times, and if that opinion that is generally had of it Is True 18.That Because of the Authority of the Romans and by the Example of Ancient Armies, the Infantry ought to Be More Esteemed than Cavalry 19.That Acquisitions in Republics not well Organized and that do not proceed according to Roman Virtu, are the ruin and not the Exaltation of them 20.What Perils are Brought to that Prince or that Republic which Avails Itself of Auxiliary and Mercenary Troops 21.The First Praetor which the Romans sent any place was the Capua, four hundred years after they had begun to make War [Against that City] 22.How Often the Opinions of Men in Judging Things [To Be] Great are False 23.How Much the Romans, in Judging the Matters for Any Incident that Should Necessitate Such Judgment, Avoided Half-Way Measures 24.Fortresses are Generally More Harmful than Useful 25.That the Assaulting of a Disunited City in Order to Occupy it by Means of its Disunion is an Error 26.Contempt and Insult Generate Hatred Against Those who Employ them, Without Any Usefulness to them 27.To Prudent Princes and Republics, it ought to Be Enough to Win, for Often it is not Enough If They Lose 28.How Dangerous it is for a Prince or a Republic, not to Avenge an Injury Made Against the Public or a Private [Citizen] 29.Fortune Blinds the Minds of Men when she Does not Want them to Oppose Her Designs 30.Truly Powerful Republics and Princes do not Purchase Friendship with Money, but with Virtu and Reputation of Strength 31.How Dangerous it is to Believe Exiles 32.In How Many Ways the Romans Occupied Towns 33.How the Romans Gave their Captains of Armies Uncontrolled Commissions Third Book 1.To Want that a Sect or a Republic Exist for Long, it is Necessary to Return them Often to their Principles 2.How at Times it is a Very Wise Thing to Simulate Madness 3.How it was Necessary, in Wanting to Maintain the Newly Acquired Liberty, to Kill the Sons of Brutus 4.A Prince Does not Live Securely in a Principality While Those who have Been Despoiled of it Live 5.That which Makes a King Lose the Kingdom that was Inherited by Him 6.Of Conspiracies 7.Whence that when Changes Take Place from Liberty to Slavery, and from Slavery to Liberty, Some are Effected Without Bloodshed, and Some are Full of it 8.He who wants to alter a Republic ought to Consider its Condition 9.How One Must Change with the Times, If he Wants to have Good Fortune Always 10.That a Captain Cannot Avoid an Engagement If the Adversary Wants to Do So in Every Way 11.That he who has to Do with Many, Even Though he is Inferior, as Long as he Resists the First Attack, Wins 12.How a Prudent Captain ought to Impose Every Necessity for Fighting on His Soldiers, and Take them Away from the Enemy 13.Where One Should have More Confidence, Either in a Good Captain who has a Weak Army, or in a Good Army which has a Weak Captain 14.What Effects the New Invention and New Voices have that Appear in the Midst of Battle 15.That an Army Should have One, and not Many, in Charge, and that Many Commanders are Harmful 16.That True Virtu is Difficult to Find in Difficult Times, and in Easy Times it is not Men of Virtu that Prevail, but Those who have More Favor Because of Riches or [Powerful] Relation 17.That One who has Been Offended ought not to Be Placed in Any Administration and Government of Importance 18.nothing is More Worthy of a Captain than to Penetrate the Proceedings of the Enemy 19.Whether Obsequies are More Necessary than Punishment in Ruling a Multitude 20.An Example of How Humanity Did Influence the Faliscians More than All the Power of Rome 21.Whence it Happened that Hannibal, with a Different Method of Proceeding than Scipio, Achieved the Same Result in Italy as the Latter [Did in Spain] 22.How the Harshness of Manlius Torquatus and the Humanity of Valerius Corvinus Acquired the Same Glory for Each 23.For what Reason Camillus was Driven Out of Rome 24.The Prolongation of [Military] Commands Made Rome Slave 25.Of the Poverty of Cincinnatus and Many Roman Citizens 26.How a State is Ruined Because of Women 27.How a Divided City is to Be United, and How that Opinion is not True which Supposes that it is Necessary to Keep a City Disunited in Order to Hold it 28.That the Actions of Citizens ought to Be Observed, for Many Times a Beginning of Tyranny is Hidden Under a Pious Act 29.That the Faults of the People Arise from the Princes. 30.For a Citizen who Wants to Do Some Good Deed in His Republic on His own Authority, it is First Necessary to Extinguish Envy; and How the Defense of a City ought to Be Organized on the Coming of the Enemy 31.Strong Republics and Excellent Men Retain the Same Courage and Dignity in Any Fortune 32.What Means Some have had to Disturb a Peace 33.In Wanting to Win an Engagement, it is Necessary to Make the Army have Confidence Both in themselves and in their Captain 34.What Fame or Voice or Opinion which a People Make Begins to Favor a Citizen; and Whether They Distribute the Magistracies with Greater Prudence than a Prince 35.What Dangers Occur in Making Oneself Head in Counselling a Thing, and How Much the Danger Increases when it is an Extraordinary Thing 36.The Reason why the Gauls have Been, and Still Are, Judged at the Beginning of a Battle to Be More than Men, and Afterwards Less than Women 37.Whether Skirmishes Before an Engagement are Necessary, and How to Recognize a New Enemy If They are Avoided 38.How a Captain ought to be Constituted, in whom in Army can confide 39.That a Captain ought to be one having a Knowledge of Sites 40.That to use Deceit in the Managing of a War is a Glorious Thing 41.That One’s Country ought to Be Defended, Whether with Ignominy or with Glory, but it Can Be Defended in Whatever Manner 42.That Promises Made by Force ought not to Be Observed 43.That Men Born in a Province Observe for All Time Almost the Same Natures 44.Impetuosity and Audacity Many Times Can Obtain that Which, with Ordinary Means, Can Never Be Obtained 45.What is the Better Proceeding in Battle, Either to Sustain the First Shock of the Enemy, and Having Sustained it, Hurl them Back, or Rather to Assault Him First with Fury 46.Whence it Happens that a Family in a City for a Time, have the Same Customs 47.That for the Love of His Country, a Good Citizen ought to Forget Private Injuries 48.When a Good Error is Seen to Be Made by the Enemy, it ought to Be Believed that it is Done Under Deceit 49.A Republic Wanting to Maintain Itself Free has Some Need of New Precautions, and it was by Such Methods that Q. Fabius was Called Maximus · · · · · · () |
文字却通俗易懂
开阔了自己的思维
很不错的书
需要细嚼慢咽